Conjunction

• With … = because of … (e.g.) With exams approaching, it’s a good idea to review your class notes. 隨著考試臨近，復習一下你的課堂筆記是個不錯的主意。
• Once … 一旦
• For …
  • 由於.. (e.g.) For some inexplicable reason, he’s decided to cancel the project. 由於某種無法解釋的原因，他決定取消這個專案。
  • 以.. 來說 (e.g.) For me,
• Because
• So
• Although
• But
• However
• Therefore
• Through (e.g.) Through a process of deduction, 經過一番仔細推斷
• During
• Furthermore, 而且 (e.g.) Furthermore, children cannot judge between right or wrong by themselves.
• Moreover, 再者
• Secondly,

though / although / even though

• adverb clause (S+V)
• show contrast
• though = although
• though is more informal
• end this sentence with though (not although)
• event though : emphasis / expectation

example :

• Although the exam was difficult, I think I did well.
• = (no comma) I think I did well although the exam was difficult.
• = (no comma, informal) I think I did well though the exam was difficult.
• (informal, speaking) The exam was difficult. I think I did well, though.
• Even though the exam was easy, I failed.

despite / in spite of

• + phrase (no verb / ving)
• preposition + noun
• show contrast
• despite = in spite of

example :

• Despite his best efforts, the man just couldn’t succeed.
• In spite of his best efforts, the man just couldn’t succeed.
• Despite being on time to the lecture, we were not admmitted.

therefore, thus, consequently, so, then, hence, as a result

• therefore : premise (前提), conclusion
• thus : result
• consequently : consequence, result
• so : consequence
• then : consequence
• hence : conclusion
• as a result : (有點正式)

example

1. I’m cold, so I’ll put on a coat.
2. Sales shrank and the competition was increasing its market share.